Onco-Receptors Targeting in Lung Cancer via Application of Surface-Modified and Hybrid Nanoparticles: A Cross-Disciplinary Review

Lung cancer is among the most prevalent and leading causes of death worldwide. The major reason for high mortality late diagnosis disease, in cases, lung diagnosed at fourth stage which has metastasized to almost all vital organs. other higher uptake chemotherapeutic agents by healthy cells, turn increases chances cytotoxicity body cells. complex pathophysiology provides various pathways target cancerous In this regard, upregulated onco-receptors on cell surface tumor including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), integrins, transferrin (TFR), folate (FR), cluster differentiation 44 (CD44) receptor, etc. could be exploited inhibition tumor-specific drug targeting. Further, borne immunological targets like T-lymphocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), dendritic serve as a site modulate activity through targeting surface-expressed receptors or interfering with immune cell-specific pathways. Hence, novel approaches are required both treatment cancers. context, several researchers have employed targeted delivery overcome problems allied conventional therapy methods used against cancer. Nanoparticles nonspecific biological systems, may cause unwanted deleterious effects body. Therefore, nanodrug systems (NDDSs) need further advancement problem toxicity Moreover, route nanomedicines’ lungs plays role localizing concentration Surface-modified nanoparticles hybrid wide range applications field theranostics. This cross-disciplinary review summarizes current knowledge implicated different classes an emphasis clinical implications increasing number actionable molecular targets. Furthermore, it focuses specifically significance emerging functionalized nanomaterials citing recent examples treatment.